Rare earth minerals salah satu contohnya adalah scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanides. Kebutuhan dunia untuk metal langka ini hanya dapat dipenuhi oleh China (95% produksi ).
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October 19, 2010
China Said to Widen Its Embargo of Minerals
By KEITH BRADSHER
HONG KONG — China, which has been blocking shipments of crucial minerals to Japan for the last month, has now quietly halted shipments of those materials to the United States and Europe, three industry officials said on Tuesday.
The Chinese action, involving rare earth minerals that are crucial to manufacturing many advanced products, seems certain to further intensify already rising trade and currency tensions with the West. Until recently, China typically sought quick and quiet accommodations on trade issues. But the interruption in rare earth supplies is the latest sign from Beijing that Chinese leaders are willing to use their growing economic muscle.
“The embargo is expanding” beyond Japan, said one of the three rare earth industry officials, all of whom insisted on anonymity for fear of business retaliation by Chinese authorities.
They said Chinese customs officials imposed the broader restrictions on Monday morning, hours after a top Chinese official summoned international news media Sunday night to denounce United States trade actions.
China mines 95 percent of the world’s rare earth elements, which have broad commercial and military applications, and are vital to the manufacture of products as diverse as cellphones, large wind turbines and guided missiles. Any curtailment of Chinese supplies of rare earths is likely to be greeted with alarm in Western capitals, particularly because Western companies are believed to keep much smaller stockpiles of rare earths than Japanese companies.
China experts said on Tuesday that Beijing’s assertive stance on rare earths might also signal the ascendance of economic nationalists, noting that the Central Committee of the Communist Party convened over the weekend.
Officials at the media relations office of China’s commerce ministry did not respond all day on Tuesday to e-mail or telephone calls seeking confirmation of the expanded embargo.
A few rare earth shipments to the West have been delayed by customs officials in recent weeks, said industry officials in China, Japan and the United States, but new restrictions on exports appear to have been imposed on Monday morning.
Industry executives said there had been no signal from Beijing of how long rare earth shipments intended for the West would be held by Chinese customs officials. Nor is it clear if occasional shipments are still being allowed out of the country, or if all shipments have now been suspended.
Word of the blocked shipments emerged from industry officials on Tuesday after an official China newspaper reported earlier in the day that Beijing planned next year to further reduce its annual export quota for rare earths.
The signals of a tougher Chinese trade stance come after American trade officials announced on Friday that they would investigate whether China was violating World Trade Organization rules by subsidizing its clean energy exports and limiting clean energy imports. The inquiry includes whether China’s steady reductions in rare earth export quotas since 2005, along with steep export taxes on rare earths, are illegal attempts to force multinational companies to produce more of their high-technology goods in China.
Despite a widely confirmed suspension of rare earth shipments from China to Japan, now nearly a month old, Beijing has continued to deny that any embargo exists.
Industry executives and analysts have interpreted that official denial as a way to wield an undeclared trade weapon without creating a policy trail that could make it easier for other countries to bring a case against China at the World Trade Organization.
So far, China seems to be taking a similar approach in expanding the embargo to the West.
Wang Baodong, a spokesman for the Chinese Embassy in Washington, said on Tuesday that the Chinese government was putting new restrictions on the mining, processing and export of rare earths to protect the environment. But he said that China was not violating any W.T.O. rules in doing so and that it was not imposing an embargo or trying to use rare earths as a bargaining chip.
“With stricter export mechanism gradually in place, outbound shipments to other countries might understandably begin to feel the effect,” Mr. Wang said in an e-mail. “But I don’t see any link between China’s reasonable rare earth export control policy and the irrational U.S. decision of protectionist nature to investigate China’s clean energy industries.”
Nefeterius Akeli McPherson, a spokeswoman for the Office of the United States Trade Representative in Washington, said that American trade officials were looking into the matter, after a report of the Chinese customs restrictions was published on Tuesday afternoon on the Web site of The New York Times.
“We’ve seen the news report and are seeking more information in keeping with our recent announcement of an investigation into whether China’s actions and policies are consistent with W.T.O. rules.”
Jeremie Waterman, the China director of the United States Chamber of Commerce, said that he was still checking government and industry sources to learn the extent of a suspension of Chinese rare earth shipments. “If it’s true, it’s disturbing news to say the least,” he said.
Mr. Waterman said that rare earths were so important to advanced manufacturing that restrictions on their trade might need to be put on the agenda of the Group of 20 meeting of heads of state, scheduled next month in Seoul, South Korea.
The Chinese government office that oversees rare earth policy, which operated with considerable independence for many years, was moved early last year into the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. That ministry, formed only two years ago to draft plans for global leadership in many industries, has emerged as a bastion of economic nationalism.
Despite their name, most rare earths are not particularly rare. But most of the industry has moved to China over the last two decades because of lower costs and weak environmental enforcement there.
Congress is considering legislation to provide loan guarantees for the re-establishment of rare earth mining and manufacturing in the United States. But new mines are likely to take three to five years to reach full production, according to industry executives, although existing uranium mines may be able to move faster by reprocessing previously mined material, which often contains rare earths.
China reduced in July its export quota for rare earths for the second half of the year by 72 percent. Exporters had only six weeks’ of quotas left when China imposed its unannounced embargo on shipments to Japan.
China is considering further reductions of up to 30 percent in its 2011 quotas compared with quotas issued in 2010. Dudley Kingsnorth, a rare earth market analyst at Industrial Minerals Company of Australia in Perth, said that if China further reduced export quotas by 30 percent for next year, manufacturers elsewhere could face difficulties.
“That will create some problems,” he said. “It’ll force some people to look very carefully at the use of rare earths, and we might be reverting to some older technologies until alternative sources of rare earths are developed.”
Hiroko Tabuchi contributed reporting from Tokyo.
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Decline in Rare-Earth Exports Rattles Germany
By JUDY DEMPSEY
Published: October 19, 2010
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BERLIN — China’s curtailing of rare earth exports is causing so much concern in Germany that industry and government are joining forces by appealing to the European Commission and the World Trade Organization to intervene, industry officials said Tuesday.
China’s exports of rare earths declining by as much as 40 percent worldwide over the past ten months, according to the Federation of German Industry. That decline has set off alarm bells in Germany, one of the world’s largest export-driven economies and whose industry relies heavily on rare earths.
So great is the anxiety by the business community here that a special conference dedicated to the issue will be held next week in Berlin.
The speakers will include Pascal Lamy, director general of the World Trade Organization; Gary Litman, vice president for Europe and Euro-Asia at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce; Andris Piebalgs, the E.U’s development commissioner, and Rainer Brüderle, the German economics minister.
The conference will be attended by leading German companies that import rare earths for their production.
Mr. Brüderle, on a trip last week to China, called the country’s export restrictions on rare-earth metals an “unfriendly act.” Any shortage of metals such as tungsten and germanium would cause difficulties for sectors including wind turbine makers and car companies specializing in producing electric cars.
Germany imports between 3,000 and 5,000 tons a year of rare earths, mostly from China.
“China runs a virtual monopoly. There is real need to develop new sources,” said a B.D.I. official, who requested anonymity because he was not authorized to speak about the issue.
Chancellor Angela Merkel has stepped into the fray, saying it was “urgently necessary” to step up European investment in Eastern Europe and central Asia in order to prevent China from expanding its dominance in raw materials and rare minerals.
Mrs. Merkel last week told leaders of Germany’s Committee on Eastern European Economic Relations, a lobby group, that it was essential to deal with China’s increased control of access to commodities essential for economic growth.
“Considering the raw-materials policy of a country such as China, it’s urgently necessary to make capital available among European partners in order to secure long-term supplies,” Mrs. Merkel said. “That’s not only a reference to natural gas and oil but goes far beyond that to include minerals.”
Werner Schnappauf, chairman of the B.D.I., said the availability of rare earths was “decisive for the innovation and future of German industry and for jobs.”
An unusually hard-hitting strategy paper published last week by Mr. Schnappauf and Ulrich Grillo, chairman of Grillo Werke, criticized China’s policies and the impact they would have, not only on the German economy but worldwide. Grillo Werke specializes in finished and semi-finished products made of zinc and zinc alloys and so relies on rare earth imports.
They wrote that reducing rare-earth exports would result in higher prices and would raise the question of energy and raw-materials security. The price of rare earths has increased threefold overall, according to industry sources here.
“It is not yet a trade war as such,” said an official from the B.D.I. “China is sending the message that if you want access to our raw materials then you better invest in our country.”
That is something German industry has been doing over the past several years, despite the continuing problems over intellectual property rights and the red tape.
Overall, German exports to China amounted to €36.5 billion, or $46.2 billion, last year, and imports totaled €55.5 billion, according to the German Federal Statistics Office. That was relatively unchanged from 2008, despite the economic crisis.
During the first four months of this year, German exports to China jumped nearly 50 percent over the same period in 2009, to €16.1 billion. That was spurred by China’s stimulus package and the shift in economic development. By contrast, German exports to Russia were up around 25 percent, at €7.1 billion.